AS2: Task 3

When me and my group finished filming our continuity film, i had to upload it to final cut express, and capture the footage that we got on the camera so that we could finally edit it.

First i uploads it onto final cut and captured different parts of the footage so i could easily know what clips are which instead having to go through one big one. Like so:

 At the beginning of my film i made a slide with the name of the film and who it was by. To do this you will have to scroll to the first screen and on the bottom right hand corner of that screen, you will see a button with the letter'A' on it. The next step is, you will have to scroll down to text, click onto that and another tab will open. Then second from the bottom it says text again. You will then have to click onto that scroll to the top of the screen to where it says controls. Then once you have clicked onto that you could start designing what text you want there to be. Here is what it would look like once you have done it correctly. 

Once the start of my film had been completed(The Text Slide)I could start editing the footage that I shot. To do this i would have to drag the captured footage and drag it onto one of the screen , then start collecting the clip that i want to put onto my time like. To do this you will have to play the clip in one of the screens, and where you want the clip to start you will have to press the 'I' on the keyboard at the start and when you want the clip to finish you will have to press 'O' on the keyboard to end it. Once you have done that you drag it onto your timeline.

Once you know how to do this you can start putting the clips together in the order in which you want them to be. WHen you have finished the video you will have to upload it to youtube. I am going to explain how you do this. First you will have to open up youtube, and scroll to the top, and on the left hand side of the search bar, it there will be a button that you will have to click onto called upload. 

when you have clicked onto upload, you will have to scroll down to the centre of the page and it will give you the option to select the video from your files where you have saved the video. Once you have completed that step this will come up on your monitor. When you have found your video you will then have to click choose and once you have done that it will automatically upload to youtube, but there are some steps that you will have to take in order for the video to be found on youtube, this includes making tags. Tags are words in which where someone types in the words your video will come up as an option. 

Like so: 

Once you have completed this stage your video will have been successfully uploaded to Youtube. 




Here is the finished and Edited Continuity Task. 

AS2: Task 2 (Continuity Exercise)

Before I filmed my Continuity Task, me and the actors involved with the film, got together and came up with some ideas on what we can do, what dialogue there will be and what kind of shots we could do.

In our group ( Billy (me), Lauren and Jordan) I assigned them production roles to each member of the group. The person who was appointed as the director was me. This is because I knew very clear what we was going to do and how we could do it. I was also appointed Camera and sound  operator and sound editor. Here are some pictures of me in the process of shooting the film. 

- Here is me using the boom pole. Which allows me to record the sound of the actors very clearly without any other sounds interfering with the footage. 

 - Here is me using the camera on a still tripod. This allows me to move about whilst filming in a smooth and non shaky way.

 - Here is me editing the footage, on final cut express.

AS2: Task 1

To have an understanding of continuity editing you must first know all of its aspects and methods. They are the following:

180 degree rule

In the film industry there is a rule thast you must not break whilst filming and that is the 180 degree rule. If this rule is not met you would be able to see why it is there in the first place. The 180 degree rule makes the shot run smoothly and in the right direction if the camera that is filming has changed positions. 

So that the actor that is being filmed does not switch places between two different shots. So the 180 degree rule is a basic guideline that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other, and if the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called Crossing the Line. 

Match on Action

A match cut, also called a graphic match (or, in the French term, raccord), is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots.

Eye-Line Match

Eye Line Match is based on the fact that the audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing. For example if the character is looking up in the sky but we as the audience wont see what they are looking at until the next shot goes onto it, This is what a eyeline Match is and used a lot in making and editing films. 

Shot/Reverse shots

Shot/Reverse shots are used not just only in films but every piece of dialogue in most things. A reverse shot is when two shots are put together filming the same scene. the most commonly used is when two people are talking, the camera changes to go into each other point of view, over each of the person's shoulder.







Shooting schedule 

By having a shooting schedule I can see what is needed for the filming of the continuity footage. It will highlight what i need for example, what props, and costumes that the crew will be using on the day, and the location of the filming. Here is the shooting schedule. 










Storyboard planning 

To start the shooting of the film I will have to make a storyboard which will allow me to stick to plan and shoot according to what was the original plan. It will show what will be where and where the actors need to be and what they will be doing. Here is my storyboard for my preliminary task. 

Animatic

Animatic is when you take pictures of a still image and when you put them together they turn into a moving picture. Here is an example of Animatic Editing.   

AS1: Task 3

There are many different and unquie styles and methods of editing that make a film/footage match its genre. Even if it is the speed of editing or if there is no editing at all and the whole footage is just one shot.


Speed of Editing 

For example the speed of editing gives the audience an effect of involvment with the film. For example in a action film the speed of editing will be fast to make the shot look more action packed. But for a romantic film the shopts will be editied slowly and the shots will have a longer duration than of an action shot.




No Editing 

Some Film's have no editing at all. This can be very successful if done properly but it can go terribly wrong and can be a big time consumer. A film which has not edits and is one shot the film "Russian Ark". Throughout this film the camera is on the move following actors and the actors must kjnow there positions well enough to see the project through. If something goes wrong duriong the film, they would have to start again from the begenning. But is was successful due to a 96 minute steadycam sequence shot.



Trailers

Trailers are a very big part of the Movie business. This is because trailers allow people to see what the film looks like, what type of film it is etc without the whole film being shown. To make a trailer successful most directors and editors use montage's by collecting different parts of the film and put together at once to create a trailer. A good example of this is the film "The Man in Iron Mask".



Opening of films

The Opening of films is a very important aspect in which the director would want to get perfect. Usually opening shots make the film seem good or bad in the eyes of the audience watching. Many different types of methods are used to make the opening scene of a film good and up to the directors standards. again we have a example of saving private ryan, where the opening scene has made cinema history.

Slow to fast editing 

Slow to fast editing is a very good way to build tension in and out of shots, and leading up to shots. To start of slow it builds the tension and then to switch to fast editing ends the tension and the action begins. An example of this is from a scene of the classic film "The Good, the Bad & the Ugly". This works very well because during the scene they are about to have a dual and the build up to it is a slow edit until it gets faster and faster making it more exciting to watch.



Editing techniques 

There are many editing techniques in which editors use to create a smooth bridge inbetween different scenes, examples of this are, Dissolves. Dissolves is when the end of a scene dissolves qand another scene appears.

 










A film in where this method is use can be seen from "Citizen Kane". Also there is an effect called wipes when the shot wipes of the screen. A textbook example of this is from a scene from "Star Wars". 








Graphic Match 

A Graphic Match as i mentioned before is rarely used and when it is it can be astonishing. A Graphic match is when an object/person switches to something else. For example in the beggining of the film "2001: A Space Odyssey".



Action sequences

This is when sequences are put together to thrill the audience the scene in murder scene in 'psycho' is a action sequence. Here it is below.

Jump Cuts

A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time. It is a manipulation of temporal space using the duration of a single shot, and fracturing the duration to move the audience ahead.  Here is an example of jump cuts in 'A bout de Souffle'.




Eye-Line Match 

 Eye Line Match is based on the fact that the audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing. For example if the character is looking up in the sky but we as the audience wont see what they are looking at until the next shot goes onto it, This is what a eyeline Match is and used a lot in making and editing films.


Montage 

A montage is when a editor puts clips together to make a fast packed bunch of scenes in a short amount of time.




Here is an example of a soviet montage, called Sergei Eisenstein strike and battleship Potemkin. 

Match on Action

 A match cut, also called a graphic match (or, in the French term, raccord), is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots.

Task 1 - developments in Editing (Part 2)

Moviola 

Moviola was the first type of editing that existed. Before Editing using technology (Digital Editing)first came about editors for films used Moviola as a way of cutting out what they ant and putting in what they want. Moviola is basically a hand made editing technique. What editors used to do was they use to use scissors and carefully cut pieces out of the film.

Digital editing 

Digital editing is the main form of editing used today. Every editor uses digital editing to edit their work. This is because it is a very easy method of doing so because you can be very accurate and precise to what you want edited.

Edward Dmytrk's Rules of editing 

The hollywood director Edward Dmytryk stipulated seven rules of cutting that a good editor should follow in order to achieve what they want to achieve. They are the following:

1. Never make a cut with a positive reason
2. When undecided about the exact frame to cut on, cut long rather than short.
3. Whenever possible cut in movement.
4. The 'fresh' is preferable to the 'state'.
5. All scenes should begin and end with continuing action.
6. Cut for proper values rather than proper matches.
7. Substance first then form.

Criteria of editing (Walter Murch) 

Walter Murch was a very successful director and has directed many films. One of his most famous films is the smash hit 'Apocalypse Now'. According to him when it comes to editing there are six main points that you have to consider evaluating a cut or deciding where to cut. They are of very high importance to the film industry and first with national percentage. 

Here is Walter Murch's Editing criteria:

• Emotion (51%)- Does the cut reflect what the editor believes the audience should be feeling at that moment ?
• Story (23%) - Does the cut advance the story?
• Rhythm (10%) - Does the cut occur at a moment that is rhythmically interesting and right (Murch,18)?
• Eye Trace (7%)- Does the cut pay respect to the location and movement of the audience's focus of interest within the frame (Murch,18)?
• Two dimensional plane of the screen (5%) - does the cut respect the 180 degree rule?
• Three dimensional space of action (4%)- Is the cut true to the physical/spatial relationship within the diegesis?

In Camera Editing 

In Camera is a latin word which means "in chambers" this phrase means in camera editing because of all the editing is done inside of the camera. In camera Editing is a technique of video production, in which the videographer shoots the shots in the same order that they will be viewed in. This is a very special process that many videographers may be intimidated by:

This Process takes immense amounts of planning so that the shots that are filmed are the ones that will be viewed in directly that order.

There is no cutting out and editing scenes later on. When the very last scene is filmed by the videographer, the production is completely finished.

Following The Action 

The Term following the action means when there is movement, or in an action scene, the camera would follow the event/action that is taking place. There is a scene in Saving private ryan in the beginning where the camera follows the troops on the beach. Here it is, skip to 8:00.

Multiple Points of View 

This is were the characters/actors are showing each side of a particular point of view. This is also where one character will show what he/she is seeing and then it will change to the secondary character and do the same. This is used a lot in films because it is a very good method and form of editing. 

Shot Variation

IS when a shot is uninterrupted by editing and the only thing that changes is the shot distance. The shot can be either static or mobile but it must be a continuos motion. An example of this is the shot in the Matrix when Neo dodges the shots fired at him by a agent. Here is the lip below: 

Manipulation of diegetic time and space

Manipulation of diegetic time and space is when the editing is for a film which the storyline involves time travel and certain special effects are involved to make it look like a time and space film.

Analogue Editing Analogue Editing is the cutting together of Pieces of celluloid. This is a very old form of editing and is rarely used today.

Video Editing 

Video editing is the process of editing segments of motion video production footage, special effects and sound recordings in the post-production process. Video editing is used most of the time whilst editors are editing a piece of film made my a video recorder. 

Non-linear editing 

Non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access any frame in a digital video clip regardless of the sequence of the clip. It is also the freedom to access any frame and use a cut and paste method similar to the ease of cutting and pasting text in a word processor and allows you to easily include fades, transitions, and other effects that cannot be achieve with linear editing.

Understanding Copyright

AS1 : Task one - Developments in Editing

Editing is when you gather all of your footage, and you put it in the order you would like it to be, and joining it together. All films today have some form of editing in them, this can be from one camera shot changing to the other, there is editing even in the trailer.

 Before we had computers to do the editing, editing was done by hand. Film role was carefully cut where the editor wanted it to be.

This had to be done very carefully because if there was a mistake it would have ruined the whole of the film.

 Now the technology available today it is done quicker and more easily. For every film there is at least one Editor, or a team of editors, and their role is to edit the films up to the directors standards and what he wants it to be. Editing also involves the selection of combining shots into sequences, then creating a motion picture for the finish.

The First moving picture was a film by Thomas Edison who's company invented a film camera and projector. This was in the year 1895 and the moving picture was called "Sortie d'usine' by The Lumiere Brothers. It is a half a minute long film which has no story to it. It is just a crowd of people that are leaving a factory after a day of work. and in this one long shot it shows different types of people. As you can see in this shot that there is not one single bit of editing and when people first saw this moving picture it was history in the making. here is the film below.

Because editing has improved so has the quality and the limits of filming. I am going to show a clip from a film that has very restricted forms and ways of editing. When filming was first around there was no editing or different scenes. Here is an example of someone filming london in 1903, and as you will be able to see there are not cuts, its just one continuos scene.




Edwin S. Porter

Edwin S. Porter is generally thought to be the first American to put film editing to use. He worked as an electrician and in the 1890's he joined the film company of Thomas Edison. This first set of films had no storyline behind them and no editing, An another example of this is 'The Miller and the Sweep'. In this Moving picture a chimney sweep has a sack fight with a mill worker and this goes on for just over a half minute. At the End of the 1800's and the at the start of the 1900's Edison's studio company wanted to make these 'Short' Films longer. Also Film makers wanted the shot to be wide so they could fit everything in to the shot. 


Other films followed this such as Porters the Great Train robbery. This film is still shown in schools today as an early example of editing.
                   






The Horse that bolted 

This was a very good early example of continuity editing. When the man goes to deliver milk to an apartment,he has to use the stairs. When he goes up the stairs the shot continues as he keeps going higher and higher. 

Lev Kuleshov 

This experiment was the eye line match one. Lev Kuleshov thought that if you filming someone gazing, and you put something in the next shot whether it be food, or a person, it will look like that the person is making eye contact with that object;





Dziga Vertov Man with a Moving Camera

Parallel Editing 

Parallel editing is one of the most popular methods of editing in the cinema history. Here is the definition of parallel editing: Parallel editing (cross cutting) is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous, they occasionally culminate in a single place, where the relevant parties confront each other. One perfect example of this is from Francis ford's 'The Godfather'. In this Michael assassinates the other mafia don's during his sons baptism: Here it is:
  




The Kuleshov Experiment 

The Kuleshov Experiment the eye line match. this is where you can make out someones emotion by what they are looking at for example. A mans face showing no expression but when you show a bowl of soup in the next shot and back to the mans face, it can tell the audience that he his hungry and this was a very successful experiment that proved to have worked over the years.


Montage sequence 

One of the first montages to ever be made was the soviet montage - Sergei Eisenstein strike and Battleship Potemkin. In this montage it is of people running from soldiers and a cow being slaughtered. It gives the audience the impression that the people running are going to end up dead just like the cow here it is below. A montage is when you get a set of clips together to tell a story in less time. Many films use montages to get the audience excited for something.One of the best examples is The Rocky series and . Each Rocky Movie has a scene of him training to a beat with a load of clips put together. Here is a example in 'Rocky 2':



Here is another Montage sequence which is in the film ' Apocalypse Now' by Francis Ford Coppola.


Match on action

A match on action shot is used a lot not just in the film industry but throughout television. An example of a match on action is when a person is walking towards a door to go through it, and then the next shot is the person going through the same door. This is a good form of editing because it makes the shot go smoothly into the next without it seeming jumpy. Here is an example from the early film Buster Keaton:



Graphic Match 

A graphic match is when a specific fixed shots turns into another. This is used to create a smoothy transition into the next shot. In the film Psycho, there is a graphic match in the most famous killing scene of all time.


Continuity editing 

Continuity editing is when a shot continues after changeing angles. One example can be found in the classic film the horse that bolted. In this the man travles up the stairs and the scene continues making it a smooth process. Another example of this, is when someone goes through a door, and the camera appears on the other side just as the person walks in, therefore making it a smooth shot.

Eye-Line Match

Eye Line Match is based on the fact that the audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing. For example if the character is looking up in the sky but we as the audience wont see what they are looking at until the next shot goes onto it, This is what a eyeline Match is and used a lot in making and editing films. 


Match on Action

A match cut, also called a graphic match (or, in the French term, raccord), is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots.

Moviola

Moviola was one of the first editing devices used in cinema history. Here is what it looked like. 








Final cut pro (Digital editing)

Digital editing is mostly used today because editors and director use digital cameras. The reason why it is mostly used today is because it is easier and less time consuming to edit on a computer than it is by hand many years ago. There are editing softwares such as final cut pro, which allows you to upload your footage and edit using it.



In Camera editing 

In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting 'edit' is therefore already complete when the film is developed.